Many people have vague ideas of what real witches are, usually formed by children’s stories or by the faith that they learned whilst growing up. To compound the problem, many people will simply parrot the information they’ve heard or assumed as fact – so when you are exploring the concept of witchcraft, you will come across many of these myths and misleading “facts”. Here are a few of the most popular myths about witches, debunked.

Myth #1: Real witches are Wiccan

Witchcraft and Wicca are two entirely separate things. Saying that they are the same is akin to saying that artists and christians are the same. Witchcraft is a craft or skill, just as cooking is a craft or skill. It can be learned and practiced by anyone who can follow instructions and focus on what they’re doing. Wicca is a religion, constructed in the 1950’s by a man named Gerald Gardner. Some Wiccans are witches, but not all witches are Wiccans.

Myth #2: Real witches worship satan, and “pagan” means “satanist”

Witches do not believe in Satan. Satan himself is a construct of the Christian faith, as a counterpart to the religion’s God. Therefore, to put it quite simply, to believe in Satan you first have to believe in God, which requires you to be a Christian.

Also, pagan comes from the Latin word “paganus”, meaning villager, or someone who lived out of the city as a rural peasant. As the Christian faith spread, the outlying towns were often holdovers of polytheistic faiths, and as such those far-flung villagers were at first rightly called pagans (villagers, out of the city). However, the term morphed from that rightful meaning into a meaning of “not believing in God”, as the unconverted did not. Today it has come to mean a person who does not believe in a monotheistic (one god) religion.

Myth #3: The pentagram is the symbol of Satan

The pentagram can be found dating back as far as 3,000 BC in Mesopotamian writings, having an astrological meaning; it represented the five planets Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Saturn, and Venus. Since then it has appeared in many different cultures and represented many groups, including having a sacred meaning for Christians.
- In Judaism it is the Seal of Solomon.
- In Taoism it symbolises the five elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water.
- In Mormonism the pentagram appears inverted in many Temples
- In Christianity the pentagram represents the five senses, and sometimes the five wounds of Christ. In medieval times Christians actually wore pentagrams in the belief that it would protect them from demons.
- Both Ethiopia and Morocco have pentagrams on their country’s flag.
- Satanism uses the pentagram inverted, or pointing down, to symbolize pointing towards Hell, with the two upward points representing the devil’s horns.
- In Witchcraft, the pentagram points up towards the heavens, and the points represent earth, air, fire, water, and spirit. There are many different types of real witches, however, and Reconstructionist witches do not recognize or use the pentagram at all.

Myth #4: All real witches are female

Both men and women can practice witchcraft, and both may refer to themselves as “witches”. Some modern-day men refer to themselves as “wizards” in an attempt to denote masculinity, and authors frequently use the term “wizard” to denote a male witch. In Old English, “wicca” (wik-ka) meant “male wizard or sorcerer” and “wicce” (witch-ee) meant “female witch or sorceress”.

Myth #5: The persecution of real witches is over

Unfortunately this isn’t true. While we no longer have public hangings, crushings, burnings, or quarterings of witches here in the United States, that does not mean that they are not persecuted. Some witches still find that if they reveal their beliefs, some people will shun them and their families. Many find that once their beliefs are found out, their employer will fire them. Outspoken witch authors both offline and online receive very nasty “hate” mail, comments on their websites, and slandering of their names and reputations. There are many different types of persecution, not just killings.

However even today people are still being tried, convicted, and sentenced to death as witches. In many countries, witchcraft is considered a criminal offense, and those accused of it can suffer jailtime and hefty legal fees. In July of 2010 Unicef published a paper titled “Children Accused of Witchcraft” detailing the rising tragedy of children being accused of witchcraft and being cast out of their homes, tortured, abused, and even killed all across Africa. It’s not just children being persecuted in Africa, however; accusations of witchcraft made against adults is extremely common and even resulted in the burnings of 11 people in Kenya in 2008. In November of 2009, a Lebanese TV anchor was charged with witchcraft and sentenced to death in Saudi Arabia. In October of 2009, five widows in India were filmed being forced to strip naked, be beaten as they were paraded through the streets, and even being forced to eat human excrement – all because a local cleric accused them of being witches. According to the BBC, widows are often targeted in an attempt to seize their land and possessions.

Remember when doing your research to explore as many resources as possible, and when you run across something that seems a little far-fetched, it’s very likely it’s a myth. Look up credible sources of information and weigh out all of the differing viewpoints carefully. Blessed Be!

Raven is a real witch practicing solitary witchcraft – well, except for the cats! For more information on witchcraft, especially spellcrafting for beginners, visit her blog at Real Witches or join the Real Witches group on Facebook.

For many years the company leased in the office, the general meeting will not be set relatively large reception room; for many housing area is not very spacious home users, there is not very large living room to set up home theater so this time if needed how done then the interpretation of the projection. For this market demand, smart projector manufacturers proposed solutions: that is to set the short focus projector lens. If the just-concluded widescreen projector 2007 is a year of fashion began to spread, then again in 2008 which set a new target of the mainstream fashion configure it?

New products have emerged in the short focal
2008 1 7 to 10, CES2008 Consumer Electronics large international conference center in Las Vegas kicked off. U.S. CES CES2008, at the beginning of each year to bring the consumer electronics industry market expectations, technology and product innovation of the show, to a large extent indicates the year the consumer electronics industry, "Bank on" the trend Therefore, all sub-sectors are also the market of concern to the industry. Home theater projector is the annual CES show in a hot product, because the main CES show consumer electronic products, and therefore closer to the ordinary home user's home theater and entertainment products for the special projector display is clearly the best place. In recent years, high-definition show is a hot topic in the consumer electronics industry, is not surprising therefore an endless stream of new products. With CES2008 Exhibition of hot for a few days ago, a number of projector manufacturers have launched their own new short-focus projector, much media attention by the world trend CES2008 projector east, passing to make free publicity. For a time in addition to high definition, short-focus projector market has become the hot new concerns vocabulary.

Hitachi applied for 21 patents and technology of short-focus projector HCP-A8
Epson has released a short distance from the latest projector EMP-400W, it can be 1.8 feet to 4 feet from the projected 50-inch 110-inch image, while with the use of ultra-short-range projection reflection method There are a certain distance, but short compared to the past is indeed a step forward projector. Meanwhile, EMP-400W is a widescreen projector, the resolution of WXGA (1280 * 800), brightness of 1,800 lumens, a contrast ratio of 500:1. The price around 999 euros. The Toshiba has also introduced a projector called ultra-short-range, but the projected 60-inch image of the shortest distance to 2.4 inch (about 0.73 meters), a meter is not that short cast is very good. The product uses DLP technology, a widescreen resolution of 1280 * 800, contrast ratio of 2,000:1, brightness of 2600ANSI lumens, with a USB/RS232 interface, integrated 802.11b/gWiFi wireless networking capabilities, is expected to cost about 2369 U.S. dollars.

Special occasion to meet some of the users in need, as early as year ago, BenQ has announced a "fish eye" lens, fixed focus super wide angle projector products: BenQ MP771. Which products are DLP projection technology, ultra wide-angle lens, a distance of 1.3 meters can a 100-inch projection screen, ideal place to use a small space. Another giant Hitachi projector short focus projector is the leader in the field, the HCP-A8 is a new model just listed, the product has the industry to achieve ultra-short-range projection big screen projection of the most advanced technology, the whole machine of 21 patent applications, 9.6 cm distance can actually project a 60-inch big screen, in particular its flexible installation mode, so it can show its value in many fields.

Ultra-short focus projector projection technology maturing and the distance between the screen and the screen size is directly proportional to the projector from the screen, the closer, the smaller the projected picture size, otherwise, the picture bigger. If the meeting room is not big, but you then need to show a larger screen, so you have the projector on the conference room in the back, especially in the company's small conference, people can sit around the projector stand around in front of bright light and fan noise for meeting presentation and communication. If the speaker in front of the screen from time to time to block it and then accidentally light the audience who watch more will therefore be greatly affected. This is the short focus projector in popularity in the business reasons, within a short distance, the big picture, as nearly as possible the distance between the projector and screen, so you can solve the demonstration space. However, some need to interact with the environment or display gallery shows and other special application environment, just a short focus can not fully meet the demand, and thus a concept of ultra-short focus projector.

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“I’m Not Comin In” is a spiritual poem about finding inner peace, peace of mind and inner freedom. Inner peace and happiness does not come from the fleeting pleasures and fulfillments of earthly desires. True inner joy and happiness is created from within, and this inner peace and joy does not depend on outer circumstances or worldly achievements.

What is within? God. The inner journey, the discovery of remembering who a person really is and the path to inner peace. When a person sees things from the viewpoint of a physical human being, it is selfish and materialistic; when a person considers their spiritual well-being they see things realistically and find harmony within oneself and other human beings. Body, mind and emotions are instruments which can either be the self centered nature and never fully able to control them, always in constant struggle or the spiritual centered nature which are fully controlled by the vision of God’s will. And when God’s will takes over, a person will find inner peace.

I’m Not Comin In

I’m not comin in, I like it out here.
All alone with my thoughts, and no-one is near.
I can still see, watch the world going by.
Even not using, I’m feeling so high.

Whatever’s happening, I don’t seem to care.
Like a lost little boy, into the silence I stare.
Not a worry comes to me, I’m happy I’m free.
Then a thought crashes down, wait, this isn’t me.

What is going on with me, I don’t seem to know.
It all seems so strange, not a care not a woe.
But I kinda like it, this feeling of peace.
This calmness, it’s tranquil, I sense I’m at ease.

But at this moment, I don’t know who I am.
I’m kinda fearful, at not giving a damn.
Cause my minds always racing, it won’t seem to stop.
But here on the water, I feel I’m on top.

So I’m not comin in, I don’t want to go home.
Out here by myself, I don’t feel I’m alone.
Cause someone is with me, I can feel him just now.
I can see Jesus, right here on my bow.

Author; Gary Michie
Email michiegary@gmail.com

Inner peace is attainable for everybody with the presence of Christ, and God wants everyone to find peace, and He will show the way to All who follow Him, only if they are willing to accept it. Inner peace is not just a way of being that is nice to have, it is imperative that people bring peace into their life, Today!

For one thing, finding Jesus is the greatest discovery that a person will ever make, and may even stumble upon him without really looking for him at Freedom’s Door. Finding Jesus is just the beginning of a person’s journey in life; not the end.

Freedom’s Door is in Kelowna offering Spiritual Hope, Healing and Wholeness for Men with Addictions.

Freedom’s Door is a non-profit registered society that uses the Twelve Step program and Christian principles to rehabilitate men struggling with alcoholism and drug addiction in the Okanagan Valley and Kelowna, BC area. Freedom’s Door, a doorway to spiritual freedom from drug and alcohol abuse.

James Murray is a successful writer and online Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) expert providing valuable tips and advice for those interested in seo and sem strategies. His numerous articles found on the Internet, provide useful and factual seo and sem information and insight. Some of my websites are http://www.seo-worldwide.net, http://www.atclickbank.com, http://www.website-submissions-worldwide.com

Products
Water
It started distributing bottled water in Wichita, Kansas, in 1994, and was distributed across the United States, Canada, Lebanon, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Pakistan and India. As of 2003, it had become the United States’ top-selling bottled water brand in measured retail channels. Aquafina is sold in 12-fluid ounce, 500-milliliter (16.9 fl oz), 20-ounce, 24-ounce, 1-liter, and 1.5-liter bottles.
Aquafina uses PepsiCo’s own seven-step purification system, which it calls HydRO-7, which includes pre-filtration treatment to remove larger particles, two stages of polishing filtering, charcoal filtration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet and ozone sterilization . PepsiCo states in marketing material that this system removes substances that may be in other brands of bottled water.
As of July 27, 2007, PepsiCo put a disclaimer stating the water comes from a “public source” on each bottle. Aquafina uses the term “Purified Drinking Water” on its label. In Canada, the current 1.5 L bottle of water displays “Demineralized Treated Water”. Michelle Naughton, a Pepsi-Cola North America spokeswoman said, “If this helps clarify the fact that the water originates from public sources, then it’s a reasonable thing to do.” Their newest development is called the Eco-Fina Bottle; it uses 50% less plastic than their 2002 bottle. Aquafina will now save 75 million pounds of plastic each year.
Bottle of Aquafina
PepsiCo produces several other products under the Aquafina label:
Aquafina Sparkling, carbonated flavored water, available in Berry Blast (Raspberry), and Citrus Twist
Aquafina FlavorSplash, flavored water (without carbonation), and artificially sweetened with Sucralose, available in Grape, Citrus Blend, Wild Berry, Strawberry Kiwi and Raspberry.
Aquafina Alive, a low calorie, vitamin-enhanced water beverage, available in Berry Pomegranate, Peach Mango, Lemon and Orange Lime.
Aquafina plus+, a low calorie (120 calories per 591 mL bottle), vitamin supplement water beverage available in “Blackberry Grape”, “Pomegranate Cherry”,”Passionfruit Citrus” and “Orange Tangerine”.
Aquafina is an official sponsor of Olympus Fashion Week, Sundance Film Festival, Tribeca Film Festival, Carolina Panthers, Major League Soccer, and the PGA. Its packaging also states that it is the “Official Water of Major League Baseball.”
Eco-fina, 50% less used plastic than the 2002 model. Released in mid-2009
In Canada, Aquafina is produced at Pepsi-QTG Canada’s Mississauga, Vancouver and Montreal plants.
Skin care
Pepsico also licenses the use of the Aquafina name for a number of skin care products ranging from lip balm to wrinkle cream.
Lawsuit
Charles Joyce and James Voigt won a $1.26 billion judgment against PepsiCo after alleging that the company had stolen their idea for selling purified water to create Aquafina. This judgment was vacated on November 6, 2009, when it was discovered that Pepsi had failed to respond to the lawsuit due to a misplacement of the paperwork.
References
^ http://www.aquafinaskincare.com/product_center.asp?dept_id=1002
^ HydRO-7 process
^ Aquafina labels to spell out tap water source
^ http://www.aquafinaskincare.com/default.asp
^ Blaine, Charlie (October 28, 2009). “PepsiCo hit with $1.26 billion judgment”. msn.com. http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Dispatch/market-dispatches.aspx?post=1341021&_blg=1,1341021. Retrieved October 28, 2009. 
^ “Judge scraps $1.26 billion judgment against Pepsi”. jsonline.com. http://www.jsonline.com/business/69437027.html. 
External links
Official site
v  d  e
PepsiCo, Incorporated
Corporate Directors:
Indra Nooyi (Chairwoman and CEO)  Robert Allen  Dina Dublon  Victor Dzau  Ray Hunt  Alberto Ibargen  Arthur Martinez  Steven Reinemund  Sharon Rockefeller  James Schiro  Franklin Thomas  Cynthia Trudell  River King
Pepsi-Cola:
Pepsi  Diet Pepsi  Pepsi Max  Jazz Diet Pepsi  Pepsi ONE  Kas  Mountain Dew  Manzanita Sol  Mirinda  Mug Root Beer  Sierra Mist  Slice  AMP Energy  Aquafina  Ethos Water (under license)  Lipton (Brisk  Iced Tea) (under license)  No Fear (under license)  Ocean Spray (under license)  Frappuccino (under license)  Starbucks (under license)  SoBe  Shani
Frito-Lay:
Lay’s  Ruffles  Doritos  Tostitos  Fritos  Cheetos  Rold Gold  Funyuns  Sun Chips  Cracker Jack  Munchos  Smartfood  Oberto (distributed)  Hostess  Lay’s Stax  Miss Vickie’s  Munchies  Walkers (Salt ‘n’ Shake  Frazzles  Quavers  Monster Munch  Wotsits)  Sabritas  Smith’s (Twisties  Burger Rings  Parker’s  Nobby’s)  Gamesa  Kurkure
Tropicana:
Tropicana  Dole (under license)  Naked  Copella
Quaker Oats:
Quaker Instant Oatmeal  Cap’n Crunch  Life  Quisp  King Vitaman  Oh’s  Aunt Jemima  Chewy Granola Bars  Rice-A-Roni  Toddy
Gatorade:
Gatorade  Propel Fitness Water
Annual Revenue: $35.1 billion USD (16% FY 2006)  Employees: 168,000  Stock Symbol: NYSE: PEP  Website: www.pepsico.com
Categories: 1994 introductions | Bottled water brands | PepsiCo brands

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Dry processing
The coffee cherries are dried immediately after they are harvested through sun drying, solar drying or artificial drying. In sun drying, the coffee cherries are placed on a clean floor and left to dry in the open air. In solar drying, the cherries are placed in a closed cabinet, which has ventilation holes to let moisture out. Artificial drying is used mostly during the wet season, when the low level of sunlight extends the time needed for solar drying and the cherries are prone to mold growth. After being dried, the cherries are hulled. In this process the dried outer layer of the cherry, known as the pericarp, is removed mechanically.
Semi-washed processing
In semi-washed processing, the cherries are de-pulped to remove the pericarp. After this, the removal of the slimy mucilage layer which covers the bean takes place. This is done mechanically by feeding the beans into a cylindrical device which conveys them upward. While the friction and pressure exerted on the beans by this process is enough to remove most of the mucilage, a small amount of it will still remain in the centre cut of the beans. This technique is used in Colombia and Mexico in order to reduce the water consumption from the long fermentation process and the extensive washing. While semi-washed processing requires less time than washed processing and is thus economically advantageous, the quality of the end product is regarded as inferior[citation needed].
In order to reduce the contamination generated by the wet process of coffee fruits, scientists at Cenicaf developed a technology that avoids using water when is not needed and uses the right water when is needed. The technology, called Becolsub after the Spanish initials of ecological wet coffee process with by-products handling, permits controlling more than 90% of the contamination generated by its antecessor. The quality of the coffee processed by this way is the same as the one for coffee processed by natural fermentation.
The Becolsub technology basically consists in pulping without water, mechanical demucilaging and mixing of the by-products (fruit outer-skin and mucilage) in a screw conveyor. The technology also includes a hydromechanical device to remove flouting fruits and light impurities, as well as heavy and hard objects, and a cylindrical screen to remove the fruits whose skin was not separated in the pulping machine. Scientists at Cenicaf discovered that a coffee fruit with mucilage (immature and dry fruits have no mucilage) has enough water inside for the skin and seeds to be separated in conventional pulping machines without water, that the liquid was only required as a conveying means and that pulping with water absence avoids 72% of the potential contamination.
Mucilage removal has been done throughout a fermenting process, which takes between 14 to 18 hours, until the mucilage is degraded and can be easily removed with water. Washing fermented mucilage requires, in the best case, 5,0 L/kg of DPC. Scientists at Cenicaf developed a machine to remove the mucilage covering the coffee seeds. This machine, called Deslim for initials of the Spanish words mechanical demucilager, washer and cleaner, removes more than 98% of the total mucilage (same as a well conducted fermentation) by exerting shear stresses and generating collisions among beans, using only 0,7 L/kg of DPC. The resulting highly concentrated mixture of water, mucilage and impurities is as viscous that can be added to the separated fruit skin in a screw conveyor, obtaining a great retention in the solid. The screw conveyor is as well mixer that the retention is greater than 60%, which means a 20% additional control of the potential contamination.
Until now, the two by-products have been widely used as worms substrate to produce natural fertilizers. However, the high concentration of the mucilage obtained from the demucilager leads to the opportunity of industrializing the by-product.
Fully washed processing
This process is mainly used when processing Coffea arabica After de-pulping, the beans are collected in fermentation tanks where bacterial removal of the mucilage takes place over 12 to 36 hours. The fermentation phase is important in the development of the flavour of the coffee, which is partially due to the microbiological processes that take place. The emergence of yeasts and moulds in acidic water can lead to off-flavours like sour coffee and onion-flavour. However, wet processing is believed to yield higher quality coffee than the other processes since small amounts of off-flavors give the coffee its particular taste and “body”.
When the fermentation is complete, the beans should be washed thoroughly to remove fermentation residues and any remaining mucilage. If they are not removed, these cause decolouring of the parchment and make the beans susceptible to yeasts. After washing, the beans are dried. When the drying process is not rapid enough earthy and musty taints, like Rio-flavor come up.
Water usage
The amount of water used in processing depends strongly on the type of processing. Wet fully washed processing of the coffee cherries requires the most fresh water, dry processing the least. Sources indicate a wide range in water use. Recycling of water in the de-pulping process can drastically reduce the amount needed. With reuse and improved washing techniques, up to 1 to 6 m water per tonne of fresh coffee cherry is achievable; without reuse a consumption of up to 20m/tonne is possible.
Water use in coffee processing
Country
Process
Water use m/tonne cherry
Source
India
Semi-washed, wet processing
3
Murthy et al., 2004
Kenya
Fully washed, reuse of water
4-6
Von Enden and Calvert 2002
Colombia
Fully washed and environmental processing (BECOLSUB)
1-6
Von Enden and Calvert 2002
Papua New Guinea
Fully washed, recycling use of water
4-8
Von Enden and Calvert 2002
Vietnam
Semi wet and fully washed
4-15
Von Enden and Calvert 2002
Vietnam
Traditional, fully washed
20
Von Enden and Calvert 2002
India
Traditional, fully washed
14-17
Deepa et al. (2002)
Brazil
Semi-washed, mechanical demucilage
4
De Matos et al. (2001)
Brazil
Semi-washed, mechanical demucilage
3.4
Bello-Mendoza and Castillo-Rivera (1998)
Nicaragua
Traditional, fully washed
16
Biomat (1992)
Nicaragua
Fully washed, reuse of water
11
Grendelman (2006)
Characteristics
When processing coffee using the fully washed principle much wastewater is generated.
General
Water used in processing coffee leaves the coffee processing unit with high levels of pollution. The main component is organic matter, stemming from de-pulping and mucilage removal. The majority of organic material in the wastewater is highly resistant and COD values, the amount oxygen required to stabilize organic matter by using a strong oxidant, make up 80% of the pollution load, with values as high as 50,000 mg/l. The BOD, the amount of oxygen required for the biological decomposition of organic matter under aerobic conditions at a standardized temperature and time of incubation, coming from biodegradable organic material can reach values of 20,000 mg/l.
With a (rough) screening and removal of the pulp COD and BOD values become considerably lower. Values in the range of 3,429 5,524 mg/l for COD and 1,578 3,242 mg/l for BOD5 were found. Recorded values of 2,480 mg/l for COD and 1,443 mg/l for BOD5.
A large part of the organic matter, pectins, precipitates as mucilated solids and could be taken out of the water. When these solids are not removed and pH values rise and an increase in COD can be observed.
In order to optimize the anaerobic processing of the wastewater pH values should be between 6.5 and 7.5, instead of the generally present values of pH = 4, which is highly acidic. This is obtained by adding calcium hydroxide (CaOH2) to the wastewater. This resulted in a regained solubility of the pectins, raising COD from an average of 3,700 mg/l to an average of 12,650 mg/l.
The water is further characterised by the presence of flavonoid compounds, coming from the skin of the cherries. Flavonoid compounds result in dark colouration of the water at a pH = 7 or higher, but they do not add to BOD or COD levels of the wastewater, nor have major environmental impacts. Lower levels of transparency, however, can have a negative impact on photosynthetic processes and growth and nutrient transformations by (especially) rooted water plants. Many efforts in olive and wine processing industries, with relatively large funds for research, have been trying to find a solution for this problem. Calvert mentions research done into the removal of polyphenolics and flavonoid compounds by species of wood digesting fungi (Basidiomycetes) in a submerged solution with aeration using compressed air. These complex processes seemed to be able to remove the colour compounds, but simplified, cheaper techniques using other types of fungi (i.e. Geotrichum, Penicillium, Aspergillus) only thrived in highly diluted wastewaters.
Coffee wastewater is not a constant flow of water with uniform loadings of contamination. The processing of coffee cherries is a batch process and regarding water flows, two processes can be determined: de-pulping and fermentation/washing.
De-pulping
The water used for de-pulping of the cherries is referred to as pulping water. It accounts for just over half of the water used in the process. According to Von Enden and Calvert, “pulping water consists of quickly fermenting sugars from both pulp and mucilage components. Pulp and mucilage consists to a large extent of proteins, sugars and the mucilage in particular of pectins, i.e. polysaccharide carbohydrates. These sugars are fermenting using the enzymes from the bacteria on the cherries. Other components in pulping water are acids and toxic chemicals like polyphenolics (tannins and caffeine).
Pulping water can be reused during the de-pulping of the harvest of one day. This results in an increase in organic matter and a decrease in pH. Research in Nicaragua showed COD averages rising from 5,400 mg/l up to 8,400 mg/l with most of the pulp removed. The drop in pH can be attributed to the start of fermentation of the pulping water. This drop continues until fermentation is finished and pH levels of around 4 are reached. The nutrient content of the pulping water at the maximum COD load, which was considered to reflect maximum pollution, was determined during this research. Total nitrogen (TN) concentration in the samples ranged from 50 to 110 mg/l with an average over all samples of 90 mg/l. Total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the samples ranged from 8.9 to 15.2 mg/l with an average over all samples of 12.4 mg/l.
Washing
Washing of the fermented beans leads to wastewater containing mainly pectins from the mucilage, proteins and sugars. The fermentation of the sugars (disaccharide carbohydrates) into ethanol and CO2 leads to acid conditions in the washing water. The ethanol is converted in acetic acids after reaction with oxygen, lowering the pH to levels of around 4. The high acidity can negatively affect the treatment efficiency of treatment facilities treating the coffee wastewater like an anaerobic reactor or constructed wetlands and is considered to be detrimental for aquatic life when discharged directly into surface waters.
During the washing process the research in Nicaragua showed a clear decrease in contamination of the wastewater. The COD values drop from an average of 7,200 mg/l to less than 50 mg/l. Despite the fact that wastewater with COD values below 200 mg/l is allowed to be discharged in the natural waterways in Nicaragua it is advisable to redirect all the wastewater to the treatment system. This is because COD levels cannot be determined onsite during the washing process and discharge of the wastewater into surface waters is based on visual inspection. When the water is “clear” it is considered to be clean enough but the COD values measured during the research showed that discharge generally was to soon, resulting in wastewater with higher levels of COD than permitted. Another positive effect of diverting the wastewater to a treatment system is the dilution of the wastewater which enables better treatment by anaerobic bacteria due to more favourable pH values and better post-treatment due to lower concentrations of ammonium.
TN concentration in the samples of wastewater stemming from washing ranged from 40 to 150 mg/l with an average over all samples of 110 mg/l. TP concentration in the samples ranged from 7.8 to 15.8 mg/l with an average over all samples of 10.7 mg/l.
Notes
^ Stemming from the Spanish word for gold, due to the color of the dried bean
^ http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_coffee.htm
^ Von Enden, 2002
^ Calvert, 1998
^ Calvert, 1999
^ Von Enden and Calvert 2002
^ Treagust, 1999 in Von Enden and Calvert, 2002
^ Droste, 1997
^ BOD values after 5 days
^ De Matos et al., 2001
^ Bello-Mendoza et al., 1995 in Bello-Mendoza and Castillo-Rivera, 1998
^ Von Enden and Calvert, 2002
^ Calvert, 1997
^ Von Enden and Calvert, 2002, pp.4
^ Grendelman, 2006
^ Grendelman, 2006
References
Bello-Mendoza, R. and Castillo-Rivera, M.F. 1998. Start-up of an Anaerobic Hybrid UASBilter Reactor Treating Wastewater from a Coffee Processing Plant. In: Anaerobe Environmental Microbiology vol. 4, pp. 219 225.
BIOMAT 1992. Estudio y diseo de la Planta de Tratamiento de los Desechos del Caf en la finca “San Luis”. Alcalda de Matagalpa and Oficina Biogs y Saneamiento Ambiental. Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
Calvert, K.C. 1997. The treatment of Coffee Wastewater. The Biogas Option. A Review and Preliminary Report of Ongoing Research. Coffee Research Report no. 50. Coffee Industry Corporation ltd. Kainantu, Papua New Guinea.
Calvert, K.C. 1998. The Microbiology of Coffee Processing, part 1. PNGCRI Coffee Research Newsletter
Calvert, K.C. 1999 The Microbiology of Coffee Processing, part 3. PNGCRI Coffee Research Newsletter
Deepa, G.B., Chanakya, H.N., de Alwis, A.A.P., Manjunath, G.R. and Devi, V. 2002. Overcoming Pollution of Lakes and Water Bodies Due to Coffee Pulping Activities With Appropriate Technology Solutions. In: Proceedings “Symposium on Conservation, Restoration and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems”, paper 4. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science (IIS) and the Karnataka Environment Research Foundation [KERF], Bangalore and Commonwealth of Learning, Canada.
De Matos, T, A., Lo Monaco, P.A., Pinto, A.B., Fia, R. and Fukunaga, D.C. 2001. Pollutant Potential of Wastewater of the Coffee Fruits Processing. Federal University of Viosa, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Viosa-MG, Brazil.
Droste, R. L. 1997. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, Canada.
Grendelman, E.R. 2006. Tratar las Aguas Mieles. Wageningen University, sub-departments: Irrigation & Water Engineering Group and Environmental Technology. Unpublished internship paper. Wageningen University, Netherlands.
Murthy, K.V.N., Da, A. and Kapur, G. 2004. An effluent treatment-cum-electricity generation option at coffee estates: is it financially feasible? Draft version. International Energy Initiative, Bangalore.
Von Enden, J.C. 2002. Best practices at wet processing pay financial benefits to farmers and processors. GTZ-PPP Project “Improvement of coffee quality and sustainability of coffee production in Vietnam”.
Von Enden, J.C. and Calvert, K.C. 2002. Review of Coffee Waste Water Characteristics and Approaches to Treatment.
Von Enden, J.C. and Calvert, K.C. 2002. Limit Environmental Damage By Basic Knowledge of Coffee Waste Waters. GTZ-PPP Project “Improvement of coffee quality and sustainability of coffee production in Vietnam”.
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In Luannan County, filed by " Dig "Hit the root cause of Li Po, is famous. Party leadership once praised Bao main roots and his company" a small steel shovel pull big market. "

1991, the Li Po with migrant workers, and by the root system of spades workshops accumulated 100 million yuan, covers an area of 10 acres built of steel shovels factory, because the equipment is good, technical precision and excellent product quickly sold throughout. In 1999, he invested more than 600 million the company moved to the Town Industrial Park, Song Tao, re-built the new factory covers an area of 7300 square meters, set off in Tangshan Hardware Tools Co., Ltd., registered in the State Trademark Bureau "root", "off" "Beijing Tang", "new root" and other brand names. In 2001, the company obtained import and export business, products into more than 20 countries and regions.

After 20 years of hard struggle, the Company has developed into a large Hardware Tool Manufacturing companies, fixed assets 50 million yuan, annual output of 61.55 million yuan, of which the domestic market Sell The amount of 41.09 million yuan, 20.46 million yuan sales in international markets, the annual profit and tax of more than 140 million yuan; have the domestic industry's most advanced production line 3, the production of steel shovels, picks, Hoe Other 13 million, the production mechanism of the "root" brand steel shovel was awarded Famous Brand of Hebei, was given provincial quality inspection association "key promotional product". Environmental protection Bao strong sense of roots, has spent heavily on environmental protection equipment to improve production techniques, plant trees and grass, built for fishing and boating lake staff.

Enterprises strengthened, Li Bao root Youyi broad-minded, determined in October 2005 to buy fertilizer plant Luannan after the reform of property rights, received the "off" its business. Yan Feng compound Tangshan Co., Ltd. take off from the restructuring has been rapid development, has become the city's largest and most advanced professional production of compound fertilizer enterprises, annual production capacity of 100,000 tons, the product won the "quality of Hebei Province" title.

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Gay and lesbian spiritual development has been challenged and even menaced by the straight community. The words spiritual abuse apply to this treatment. This means they have been left out of the understandiong that there is a loving and caring God for all people. The worst prejudice in the world is to deny someone their relationship with the Creator.
Spirituality is the relationship between a person and their Higher Power. It is not the same as religion. Religion is a device of men. Spirituality is a device of the Creator. Few people stop to show the difference.
People who have decided gay people are going to hell are not listening to their hearts. They are listening to religion. Since religion is a device of man, they are in essence playing God.
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One thing there is a strong demand for are people who are trained to help gay and lesbian people recover their spirituality. A good choice for certification to help people recover their spirituality is to take training from the Certified Spirit Thinking Faciliatator Academy. Or, AIHT the American Institute of Holistic Theology.
If you are a gay or lesbian person, do not let other religions rob you of your right to a relationship with you Higher Power. God has never intended for any of his children to go to hell. He loves His children much better than human fathers love their children.

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The stichodactyla toxin stems from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. The Stichodactyla helianthus is a large, green, sessile, carpet-like sea anemone, from the Caribbean. It lives in shallow areas with mild to strong currents, and associates with clown fish. It is believed that it excretes toxins mainly to protect itself from the spiny lobster.

Helianthus stems from the Greek words (meaning sun), and , meaning flower. Therefore, S. helianthus is also named the sun anemone.

Structure

ShK is a 35-residue basic peptide first discovered by Professor Olga Castaneda from the University of Havana, Cuba, and her collaborators in Sweden. It is cross-linked by three disulfide bridges: Cys3-Cys35, Cys12-Cys28, and Cys17-Cys32 (see figure below). The amino acid sequence of the ShK toxin is Arg-Ser-Cys-Ile-Asp-Thr-Ile-Pro-Lys-Ser-Arg-Cys-Thr-Ala-Phe-Gln-Cys-Lys-His-Ser-Met-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Leu-Ser-Phe-Cys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Cys-Gly-Thr-Cys. ShK is stabilized by three disulfide bridges and consists of two short -helices comprising residues 14-19 and 21-24. The N-terminal eight residues of ShK adopt an extended conformation, followed by a pair of interlocking turns that resemble a 310 helix, while its C-terminal Cys35 residue forms a nearly head-to-tail cyclic structure through a disulfide bond with Cys3. Protein domains with structural resemblance to ShK have been described in 402 proteins, most of them from C. elegans (IPR003582). Other proteins containing domains with similar structures include the snake toxins natrin, triflin, and stecrisp, the Toxocara canis mucins and the human protein Tpx-1.

Schematic diagram of the primary structure of the ShK peptide highlighting the three disulfide () linkages.

Target

ShK toxin blocks the K+ channels Kv1.1, Kv1.3, Kv1.6 and Kv3.2 The peptide binds to all four subunits in the Kv1.3 tetramer through its interaction with the shallow vestibule at the outer entrance of the ion conduction pathway. The peptide’s Lysine22 residue occludes the channel pore like a “cork in a bottle”. This blocks the entrance to the pore.

ShK blocks the Kv1.3 channel in T cells with a Kd of about 11 pM. It blocks the neuronal Kv1.1 and Kv1.6 channels with Kds of 16 pM and 200 pM respectively. The Kv3.2 and KCa3.1 channels are more than 1000 times less sensitive to the peptide.

Several ShK analogs have been generated to enhance specificity for the Kv1.3 channel over the Kv1.1, Kv1.6 and Kv3.2 channels. The first analog that showed some degree of specificity was ShK-Dap22. Attaching a fluorescein to the N-terminus of the peptide via a hydrophilic AEEA linker (2-aminoethoxy-2-ethoxy acetic acid; mini-PEG) resulted in a peptide, ShK-F6CA, with 100-fold specificity for Kv1.3 over Kv1.1 and related channels. Based on this surprising finding additional analogs were made. ShK-170 [a.k.a ShK(L5)],contains a L-phosphotyrosine in place of the fluorescein in ShK-F6CA. It blocks Kv1.3 with a Kd of 69 pM and shows exquisite specificity for Kv1.3. However, it is chemically unstable. To improve stability a new analog, ShK-186 [a.k.a. SL5], was made with the C-terminal carboxyl of ShK-170 replaced by an amide; ShK-186 is otherwise identical to ShK-170. However, ShK-186 is also chemically unstable. ShK-192 is a new analog with increased stability. It contains norleucine21 in place of methionine21 to avoid methionine oxidation, and the terminal phosphotyrosine is replaced by a non-hydrolyzable para-phosphonophenylalanine (Ppa) group. The D-diasteromer of ShK is also stable but blocks Kv1.3 with 2800-fold potency than the L-form (Kd = 36 nM) and it only exhibits 2-fold specificity for Kv1.3 over Kv1.1.

Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 regulate membrane potential and calcium signaling of T cells. Calcium entry through the CRAC channel is promoted by potassium efflux through the Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 potassium channels. Blockade of Kv1.3 channels in effector-memory T cells by ShK-186 suppresses calcium signaling, cytokine production (interferon-gamma, interleukin 2) and cell proliferation. In vivo, ShK-186 paralyzes effector-memory T cells at the sites of inflammation and prevent their reactivation in inflamed tissues. In contrast, ShK-186 does not affect the homing to and motility within lymph nodes of naive and central memory T cells, most likely because these cells express the KCa3.1 channel and are therefore protected from the effect of Kv1.3 blockade. In proof-of-concept studies, ShK and its analogs have prevented and treated disease in rat models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and delayed type hypersensitivity.

As ShK toxin binds to the synaptosomal membranes, it facilitates an acetylcholine release at avian neuromuscular junctions while the Kv3.2 channels are expressed in neurons that fire at a high frequency (such as cortical GABAergic interneurons), due to their fast activation and deactivation rates. By blocking Kv3.2, ShK toxin depolarises the cortical GABAergic interneurons. Kv3.2 is also expressed in pancreatic beta cells. These cells are thought to play a role in their delayed-rectifier current, which regulates glucose-dependent firing. Therefore, ShK, as a Kv3.2 blocker, might be useful in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, although inhibition of the delayed-rectifier current has not yet been observed in human cells even when very high ShK concentrations were used.

Toxicity

Toxicity of ShK toxin in mice is quite low. The median paralytic dose is about 25 mg/kg bodyweight (which translates to 0.5 mg per 20 g mouse). In rats the therapeutic safety index was greater than 75-fold.

ShK-Dap22 is less toxic, even a dose of 1.0 mg dose did not cause hyperactivity, seizures or mortality. The median paralytic dose was 200 mg/kg body weight.

ShK-170 [a.k.a. ShK(L5)] does not cause significant toxicity in vitro. The peptide was not toxic to human and rat lymphoid cells incubated for 48 h with 100 nM of ShK-170 (>1200 times greater than the Kv1.3 half-blocking dose). The same high concentration of ShK-170 was negative in the Ames test on tester strain TA97A, suggesting that it is not a mutagen. ShK-170 had no effect on heart rate or heart rate variability parameters in either the time or the frequency domain in rats. It does not block the hERG (Kv11.1) channel that is associated with drug-associated cardiac arrhythmias. Repeated daily administration of the peptide by subcutaneous injection (10 g/kg/day) for 2 weeks to rats does not cause any changes in blood counts, blood chemistry or in the proportion of thymocyte or lymphocyte subsets. Furthermore, the rats administered the peptide gain weight normally.

ShK-186 [a.k.a. SL5] is also safe. Repeated daily administration by subcutaneous injection of ShK-186 (100 g/kg/day) for 4 weeks to rats does not cause any changes in blood counts, blood chemistry or histopathology. Furthermore, ShK-186 did not compromise the protective immune response to acute influenza viral infection or acute bacterial (Chlamydia) infection at concentrations that were effective in ameliorating autoimmune diseases in rat models. Interestingly, rats repeatedly administered ShK-186 for a month by subcutaneous injection (500 g/kg/day) did not develop anti-ShK antibodies. The reason for the low immunogenicity of the peptide is not well understood.

Many groups are developing Kv1.3 blockers for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Use

Because ShK toxin is a specific inhibitor of Kv1.1, Kv1.3, Kv1.6, Kv3.2 and KCa3.1, it may serve as a useful pharmacological tool for studying these channels. The Kv1.3 specific ShK analogs, ShK-170, ShK-186 and ShK-192, have been demonstrated to be effective in rat models of autoimmune diseases, and these or related analogs might have use as therapeutics for human autoimmune diseases.

Kv1.3 is also considered a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, for enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, and for preventing bone resorption in periodontal disease. Furthermore, because pancreatic beta cells, which have Kv3.2 channels, are thought to play a role in glucose-dependent firing, ShK, as a Kv3.2 blocker, might be useful in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, although inhibition of the delayed-rectifier current has not yet been observed in human cells even when very high ShK concentrations were used.

References

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Categories: Ion channel toxins | Neurotoxins

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Inner peace is the greatest gift an individual could ever ask for, and so many think they will be happy, but the truth is that without inner peace, they have nothing, and the depth of the inner Peace is a measure of the progress toward spiritual awakening and where the love of God leads. Inner peace is not “human”.

Inner peace is attainable for everybody with the presence of Christ, and God wants everyone to find peace, and He will show the way to All who follow Him, only if they are willing to accept it. Inner peace is not just a way of being that is nice to have, it is imperative that people bring peace into their life, Today!

Step toward inner peace and anyone working for this goal will find peace, spirituality, and a growth of human awareness throughout the world in people and in their life, and the moment when a person finds their inner peace, is when they feel or believe that they have no more doubts, regrets or negative thoughts about the moment. It is only possible when a person is in alignment with life as it unfolds in the moment.

Finding inner peace is an integral part of spirituality and it plays a major role and it is a state where a person’s mind is absolutely still with a sense of contentment and a deep, spiritual energy. Inner peace is the essence of a human being, and a person’s mind is calm, clear, and certain, and God is the inner peace; the result of God’s soothing presence.

Many prefer to endure their inner wars, believing that they cannot change, that inner peace is not realizable, that life is just too hard. This healing journey of finding inner peace and to be that spark that a person so much wants to be; to be that seed of spirituality; inner peace is a vital part of that quest, an inspiration and achieving this is something an individual can choose for, here and now, any moment any place.

Inner peace is a human being’s true nature, and it is available to all mankind whenever someone joins with God in prayers, and this path taken to find inner peace is as hard or simple as a person makes this journey of inner peace; is a matter of accepting ones life in the control of God. Spiritual thoughts from God that teaches people the ways of love and through forgiveness to others. They ask for themselves and others from a consciousness of total faith and with the practice of love and compassion in the moment; accessing the heart center and allowing the spirit to choose ones thoughts. Inner peace is the only peace, there is no other kind.

James Murray is a successful writer and online Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) expert providing valuable tips and advice for those interested in seo and sem strategies. His numerous articles found on the Internet, provide useful and factual seo and sem information and insight. Some of my websites are http://www.seo-worldwide.net, http://www.bingosbingos.com, http://www.atclickbank.com